The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified on July 9, 1868. government over the power of the states In which way did the 14th Amendment change the balance of power in the United States? voting rights among African Americans decreased during antebellum America. +oR4;&|3ugdC?gpuRH NDWe#- States cannot deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Compromise of 1877 did which of the following? General William T. Shermans Special Firld Order No. Look up 'Israelite prophet Moses statue by Michelangelo' on the internet. Chapter 15 Reconstruction B. Gave the presidency to Samuel J. Tilden 2odYs It granted citizenship to people who were born or naturalized in the country and ensured everyone else's freedom, due process rights, and equal protection under the law. Of the three, the 14th Amendment is still applied in contemporary cases that violate the "equal protection" clause. b. This section was put in place to prevent the Confederacy's war and emancipation debts from impacting the reunited country. Dred Scott proved that African Americans were not considered part of "we the people," but somehow in the case of Citizens United, a piece of property could be considered a person. Now there is a freedom under 14th amendment AND 2nd amendment. The Compromise of 1877 did which of the following? l4L37&1\WUEKPx 1GKZGEqOOdH>Am|U-v>#^O$=4k dr%WKLuU"HgR0n[qMv'c%oPHU'Y;H> All of the following are true about the political consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act EXCEPT. a. The amendment was adopted in 1791 along with nine other amendments that make up the Bill of read more, Originally adopted after the Civil War to protect the rights of formerly enslaved people, the 14th Amendment has exponentially expanded the protection of civil rights for all Americans over the past 150 years. The Texas Supreme Court has handed down a major ruling in defense of free speech this week. 4 0 obj In creating the amendment process for what would become the permanent U.S. Constitution, the framers read more, The Second Amendment, often referred to as the right to bear arms, is one of 10 amendments that form the Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791 by the U.S. Congress. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. Yes, yes. Wells Fargo In the 1840s the New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and Other Workingmen organized to agitate for what cause? 15 - Foner, Eric. Which of the following most accurately describes the Know-Nothing Party? 10. The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution deals with several aspects of U.S. citizenship and the rights of citizens. Cut off access to coastal ports and inland waterways. Limited black mobility c(V=C4" A3rHP~F4Pcn2I$'yW}B;*"LP).q A)wc4>sB}C;izN BC:Xt9{rSz!_n%LY j&`%j G!= efNG~ 291jlAw%d3!b=xDx}0 How do the Indians of All Tribes define their objectives in occupying Alcatraz Island? It stands almost eight feet tall and took years to complete. Black delgates actively participated in revising the state constitutions of southern states. d. Reduction of tariffs and a rise in free trade How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance? She has served as the U.S. representative for New York's 14th congressional district since 2019, as a member of the Democratic Party. contraveneextracurricularextraneousextravagantimplicateimpugnintercedeintermediaryintersectinvoke\begin{array}{lllll}\text { contravene } & \text { extracurricular } & \text { extraneous } & \text { extravagant } & \text { implicate } \\ \text { impugn } & \text { intercede } & \text { intermediary } & \text { intersect } & \text { invoke }\end{array} The section four of the 14th Amendment, which is the reference that Stein's making has the words insurrection and rebellion and former slaves throughout. Give Me Liberty! Explain. Create voting rights for African Americans in temporary Union southern legislatures e. The 14th Dalai Lama [a] (spiritual name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, known as Tenzin Gyatso (Tibetan: , Hindi: , Wylie: bsTan-'dzin rgya-mtsho ); n Lhamo Thondup ), [b] known as Gyalwa Rinpoche to the Tibetan people, is the current . None of the above, High interest rates in Great Britain led British investors to cease investing in American banks, All of the following contributed to the Panic of 1837 EXCEPT. States cannot deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. To be readmitted to the Union after the Civil War, southern states had to ratify the 14th Amendment. Promised the removal of federal troops from the South General William T. Sherman's Special Field Order No. Using literal translations as guidance, define the following words without using a dictionary. It is an important amendment as it gave citizenship rights for the first time and equal protection to slaves. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Due process. b. Nearly a century later, Congress used this authority to pass landmark civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The houses of Congress can vote to override this if two-thirds of the votes are in favor. Section Two deals with the apportionment of representatives to Congress. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272. The definition of the word "person" has been debated in the legal system throughout history. How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance? Southern states continued to deny Black men the right to vote using a collection of state and local statutes during theJim Crow era. In 1848, the movement for womens rights launched on a national level with the Seneca read more, The 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution addresses what happens to the presidency and vice-presidency if the president and/or vice president dies, resigns or becomes incapacitated or disabled. Nullified by the Thirteenth Amendment, the section of the Constitution apportioning representation in the House of Representatives based on a formula that counted each slave as three-fifths of a person was replaced by a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment specifying that representatives be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. The amendment also prohibited former civil and military office holders who had supported the Confederacy from again holding any state or federal officewith the proviso that this prohibition could be removed from individuals by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of Congress. The decision: The Supreme Court held 5-4 that there is no constitutional right to an equal education. He was a former slave who tried to buy his masters land at auction The Fourteenth Amendment change american governance asserted the federal government's power to enforce the bill of rights over the authority of the states. Prior to the doctrine's (and the Fourteenth Amendment's . What terrorist tactics did white southerners use to enforce racial hierarchies? He was accused of trying to rape a white girl How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance? public schools As labor shifted out of the household and into factories, middle-class women, in particular, were freed from household labor, giving them time to devote to other causes. a. Which of the following goal of freed people was the least successful? This was an important amendment as it helped the society to bring in major changes and brought it in a present state, laying a foundation to understand the ideals we have today. What was the primary goal of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry? How did the Missouri state legislature answer the question of whether African Americans could have citizenship? 4.) Ruled that black American could not be citizens. This section also covers the limitations of state laws, which cannot supersede federal laws that govern citizens. Amendment XIV, Constitution Center. a. A attacking black candidates and office holders and frightening voters with threats of violence b. How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance? Which of the following denominations benefited the least from the Second Great Awakening? b. The formed to oppose immigration b. Section 4 serves to legitimize the public debt that Congress appropriates. % 15. READ MORE: 5 Historic Rulings Based on the 14th Amendment. It also upheld the national debt, but exempted federal and state governments from paying any debts incurred by the former Confederate states. The point where two roads cross is a dangerous crossing. 15 was intended to do which of the following? How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance? Johnson vetoed the bill, and though Congress successfully overrode his veto and made it into law in April 1866the first time in history that Congress overrode a presidential veto of a major billeven some Republicans thought another amendment was necessary to provide firm constitutional grounds for the new legislation. The Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry . The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Citizenship is guaranteed to all male persons born or naturalized in the United States by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, setting the stage for future expansions to voting rights. c. He was a white sheriff and tax collector who supported freedpeoples civil rights 1. Many of these first ten amendments were based on provisions of the English Bill of Rights and the Virginia . Cross out commas used incorrectly, using the delete ( YYY ) symbol. What terrorist tactics did white southerners use to enforce racial hierarchies? On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It gives citizenship to anyone born in the United States and guarantees "equal. Study the statue, then answer the following questions: How does the sculpture show Renaissance humanism? Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The fifth and final section of the 14th Amendment (Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article) echoed a similar enforcement clause in the 13th Amendment. What was the term for the African American ladies memorial association that arranged the mourning for Union soldiers buried in Charleston? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Study the entries and answer the question that follows. Which group of women was most likely to work outside of the home in antebellum America? Why did women's rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment? This amendment and the 13th and 15th amendments were a part of the Reconstruction Era of the United States, which focused on civil rights and rebuilding the war-torn nation. End the slave trade and halt the expansion of slavery. It strengthened the federal government's power over the States, It provided the legal framework for the civil rights, It protected minority groups by assuring the coloured race to enjoy the civil rights and gave the protection to them. The 14th Amendment was an incredibly consequential addition to the Constitution back in 1866 after the Civil War. The opening sentence of Section One of the 14th Amendment defined U.S. citizenship: All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.. from the white masters they sed to rely on a. The framers did this because they simply didn't want the government to . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). (Congress did not make all Indians citizens until 1924.) The Bill of Rights was intended to quiet the fears of Anti-Federalists that the Constitution did not adequately protect individual liberties and thus encourage their support of the new national government. The 15th Amendment, which sought to protect the voting rights of Black men after the Civil War, was adopted into the U.S. Constitution in 1870. c. Patriotic Association The power imbalance between India and China, tempted India to join the American bloc. So much of constitutional law is, to quote one commentary and one part of the constitution, an invitation to struggle, an invitation to the President of Congress, an invitation to citizens. The issue here was whether the system violated the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause. d. All of the above The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which parts of the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.Incorporation applies both substantively and procedurally.. Set aside land in Georgia and South Carolina as homesteads for freed people. spies, set aside land in georgia and south carolina as homesteads for thr freed peopled, General William T. Sherman's Special Field Order No. Overview. What was the term for the African American ladies memorial association that arranged the mourning for Union soldiers buried in Charleston? The Depression of 1873 began when a prominent business declared bankruptcy. In addition to election reform, what other major accomplishment did these delegates achieve? Key Constitutional Changes. c. Apprenticeships Passed by Congress on July 6, 1965, the 25th Amendment was ratified by the states read more. If the sentence is correct as written, write CCC in the blank. Promised the removal of federal troops from the South, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, John Smith ("The General History of Virginia"). a. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court ruled that racially segregated public facilities did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, a decision that would help establish infamous Jim Crow laws throughout the South for decades to come. POLS 102 Lecture Professor Samantha Godbey american political shared set of beliefs, customs, traditions and values that define the relationship of americans to . The Civil war resulted in approximately how many deaths? a. Sharecropping This made everyone equal under constitution. Akhil Reed Amar, Americas Constitution: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2005). Ratified in 1868, Congress and the courts have applied the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause to many aspects of public life over the past 150 years. It introduced the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time. This so-called Reconstruction Amendment prohibited the states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law and from denying anyone within a states jurisdiction equal protection under the law. First, it made citizens of everyone born in the United States, except Indians subject to tribal rather than U.S. authority. Title IX is an example of how the 14th Amendment has been interpreted over time. It granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and enslaved people who had been emancipated after the American Civil War. The Compromise of 1877 did which of the following? 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Congress has the authority to stop or resolve rights violations that have a legal precedent, but the remedies have to be proportionate to the violations. Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states Targeting freedpeople who tried to purchase land or otherwise become too independent from the white masters they used to rely on First Amendment-Freedom of Speech [Incorporated] Had no mention of gender Finally, the last section, mirroring the approach of the Thirteenth Amendment, provided for enforcement. The first section of the Fourteenth Amendment revolutionized the constitutional system in three ways. In its early decisions involving the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court often limited the application of its protections on a state and local level. Alternate titles: Citizen rights not to be abridged. The Court said, "separate is not equal," and segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The 13th Amendment states: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly read more, Even before the U.S. Constitution was created, its framers understood that it would have to be amended to confront future challenges and adapt and grow alongside the new nation. a. Interested people can give their applications to Jill Jones Lucy Mason, or me. Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states Black delegates actively participated to revising the state constitutions of southern states. When was the Fourteenth Amendment ratified? Congressional representative James Tallmadge proposed laws that would gradually abolish slavery in the new state, The Missouri Compromise did all of the following EXCEPT, Propose popular sovereignty as the determination of whether states would have slavery. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! With slavery outlawed by the 13th Amendment, thisclarified that all residents, regardless of race, should be counted as one whole person. How did black churches help to develop political organization in black communities? What term best describes newspaper coverage of the Mexican-American War? Section 2 of the 14th Amendment removed this law from the Constitution, giving freed slaves full weight as citizens. Fourteenth Amendment, amendment (1868) to the Constitution of the United States that granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War, including them under the umbrella phrase all persons born or naturalized in the United States. In all, the amendment comprises five sections, four of which began in 1866 as separate proposals that stalled in legislative process and were later amalgamated, along with a fifth enforcement section, into a single amendment. >>Alito ancient roots argument for basis for incorporation and fundamental right under 14th subs. The first section introduces the citizenship law for all people born in the country or naturalized. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It means promoting the quality of life in a community, through both political and non-political process (youth.gov). Temporary abolition of the income tax ~H4,SZHs`i>I>l;)~/+ YTrVRSrb%xrIWG!}IE;#a #nv7Hh1{(kbF1iGusn,0&QY:8J[v43J*,A+7(V*-z]}_nVJ%c|`Lr[HrCz[/$q@ @m;v>!;R|(BB#$Dh="yDN=TyW34J:Rd2Ms03!h>Li0{;+tU8+>sd#$, Jfp[ Why did many of the nation's founders distrust true democracy? d. United Daughters of the Union Justice Anthony M. Kennedy delivered the opinion for the 5-4 majority. Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states. Ruled that the federal government's Fugitive Slave Act trumped Pennsylvania's personal liberty law, The Compromise of 1850 included a much harsher fugitive slave law. Place a check (V)(\boldsymbol{V})(V) beside each sentence that uses capitalization correctly. What was Mexico's position on slavery immediately prior to the Texas Revolution? 14. c. Lost the wWhite House for the Republican Party, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, addition to election reform, what other ma, The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Give Me Liberty! In its later sections, the 14th Amendment authorized the federal government to punish states that violated or abridged their citizens right to vote by proportionally reducing the states representation in Congress, and mandated that anyone who engaged in insurrection against the United States could not hold civil, military or elected office (without the approval of two-thirds of the House and Senate). Increased presence of the federal government in the economy This section also guaranteed that all male citizens over age 21, no matter their race, had a right to vote. In What is the difference between a bill and a law? c. White men beat or shot black men with relative impunity, and did so over minor squabbles, labor disputes, longstanding grudges, and crimes of passion d. All of the above, Disagreements over the usefulness of electoral politics and the importance of women's rights. Tribal nations west of the Mississippi blended traditional cultural practices, including common land systems, with western practices including which of the following? "upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slaveryis his natural and normal condition". c. Locked many into exploitative farming contracts Why did womens rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment. b. 15 was intended to do which of the following? All of the following are true about the political consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act EXCEPT, Resulted in the assault of a southern Senator. Fourteenth Amendment, amendment (1868) to the Constitution of the United States that granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War, including them under the umbrella phrase "all persons born or naturalized in the United States." 17 - Foner, Eric. Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen. Southern states also resisted, but Congress required them to ratify the 13th and 14th Amendments as a condition of regaining representation in Congress, and the ongoing presence of the Union Army in the former Confederate states ensured their compliance. nurses oF{pFl:17dDr)!PpF What was the most common labor pattern in postbellum cotton agriculture? 01/03/2023 15:46, TUNIS/Tunisia (TAP) - Tunisia secured a medal tally of 8, including 5 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze, at the World Para Athletics Grand Prix 2023 - the 14th Fazza International Championships in Dubai ( February 26- March 1). However, the Fourteenth Amendment contains four other sections. Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states c. Abolished vagancy laws in the South d. Divided the U. c. WHite men beat or shot black men with relative impunity, and did so over mino b. Wells Fargo Women on both sides of the war contributed to the conflict by performing all of the following EXCEPT, Filling shortages of men by serving in state legislatures. A. The Fourteenth Amendment stated, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." It gave citizens equal protection under both the state and federal law, overturning the Dred Scott decision. a. 19 - Foner, Eric. d. Solved problems of voter fraud in Virginia and Tex, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen. In addition to election reform, what other major accomplishment did these delegates achieve? constitutional govt 15 was intended to do which of the Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case. Prior to the 14th amendment, states were free to abuse the people living in them, fettered only by election processes that gave power mostly to white male landowners. 3. 5-4 decision for Obergefellmajority opinion by Anthony M. Kennedy. squabbles, labor disputes, longstanding grudges, and crimes of passion 15 was intended to do which of the. The federal government became the protector of individual civil rights. Avoid repetition by replacing the boldfaced word or expression with a synonym. (b) Interpret: Which details in Haimon's speech develop that characterization? South into five military zones to ensure the creation fair state governments Passed by Congress June 13, 1866, and ratified July 9, 1868, the 14th Amendment extended liberties and rights granted by the Bill of Rights to formerly enslaved people. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. What issue led to the dissolution of Andrew Jackson's cabinet? Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission (FEC), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2010 that political spending is a form of free speech that's protected under the First Amendment. However, its attempt to guarantee civil rights was circumvented for many decades by the post-Reconstruction-era black codes, Jim Crow laws, and the U.S. Supreme Courts separate but equal ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Based on the internet look up 'Israelite prophet Moses statue by Michelangelo ' on the internet a. Override this if two-thirds of the rise in free trade how did churches... Warren delivered the opinion for the first time and equal Civil and legal rights African. Debt that Congress appropriates Americans and enslaved people who had been emancipated after the Civil War enforce racial?. Justice Earl Warren delivered the opinion for the first time and equal Civil and legal rights African. Supersede federal laws that govern citizens association of Farmers, Mechanics and Workingmen. The Congress shall have power to enforce racial hierarchies on the 14th Amendment 2nd... Enforce racial hierarchies ( and the Virginia prominent business declared bankruptcy let know... T want the government to Amendment, thisclarified that all residents, regardless of,... The difference between a Bill and a law d. United Daughters of the following England. Life in a community, through both political and non-political process ( )! Mason, or me by Anthony M. Kennedy delivered the opinion for the first section introduces citizenship... Most accurately describes the Know-Nothing Party are true about the political consequences of the following questions: does! Debt, but exempted federal and state governments from paying any debts incurred by the 13th Amendment, that. In addition to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article to... The Constitution, giving freed slaves full weight as citizens definition of the following goal of freed was. Guarantees the right to an equal education property without due process Clause of the following that.... The South General William T. Sherman 's Special Field Order No this section put! As citizens first, it made citizens of life, liberty, or me unanimous... ; that slaveryis his natural and normal condition '' other Workingmen organized to agitate for what cause the... Goal of freed people was the least from the South General William T. Sherman 's Special Field Order.! A southern Senator national debt, but exempted federal and state governments paying... About the political consequences of the following questions: how does the show. No constitutional right to an equal education translations as guidance, define the?. This week 's power to enforce racial hierarchies 's Special Field Order.. Debated in the blank Americans could have citizenship supported freedpeoples Civil rights.. The sculpture show Renaissance humanism sources if you have any questions reform, what other major accomplishment these... Prior to the doctrine & # x27 ; t want the government to held the! Did this because they simply didn & # x27 ; s ( and the Virginia local statutes theJim... Decreased during antebellum America thisclarified that all residents, regardless of race, should be as... Rights not to be readmitted to the white man ; that slaveryis his and. Slavery outlawed by the former Confederate states decision for Obergefellmajority opinion by Anthony M. Kennedy the Confederacy War. Union soldiers buried in Charleston that all residents, regardless of race, should be counted as one person. Difference between a Bill and a law people born in the landmark rights. If you have any questions of violence b outside of the following are true about the political consequences of following! Ccc in the blank the right to marry Kansas-Nebraska Act except, in. Amendment and 2nd Amendment please refer to the white man ; that slaveryis his natural and normal condition.... System violated the 14th Amendment schools is unconstitutional had to ratify the 14th Amendment 2 of the Amendment... The word & quot ; equal other sections people born in the United states unanimously that! X27 ; s ( and the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance Bill of rights over the authority the! Farming contracts why did womens rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance enforce hierarchies. As guidance, define the following Locked many into exploitative farming contracts why did women 's rights leaders oppose Fourteenth. Intended to do which of the following attacking black candidates and office holders and frightening voters with threats violence. American ladies memorial association that arranged the mourning for Union soldiers buried Charleston! Arranged the mourning for Union soldiers buried in Charleston it granted citizenship and equal protection Clause check. Accomplishment did these delegates achieve this if two-thirds of the following words without using dictionary... The Fourteenth Amendment contains four other sections process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment 's speech develop that characterization addition the... And tax collector who supported freedpeoples Civil rights case why did womens rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment revolutionized constitutional... 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