The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. Korespondencja z rodzina (1939-1940). In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. The actual number of Germans remaining in these former German territories put under Polish authority was one of the critical questions regarding both Poland's new borders and the expulsions. On August 9, 1942, a second evacuation began, which lasted until September 1. There were also teachers, so schools were built. There were no towns or villages nearby, only a small piece of land that had been cut out of the lush tropical forest. 21sm. ul. You can change the settings of your browser at any time. There, all were divided into several groups and began their education. In America, the date of the arrival of the first transport aboard the USS Hermitage (on June 25, 1943 consisting of 706 refugees, including 166 children) was a State secret. Northern Rhodesia had three camps. When they arrived they . There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. and Polish archives Society volunteers offer a limited research service to members for a reasonable Arrested Polish gentiles were to be turned over to the Germans for execution. They were surrounded by dense, wildlife-infested forest. About one third of the civilians were children. 1 November 1944. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy dla uchodzcw. MINISTRY OF INFORMATION SECOND WORLD WAR OFFICIAL COLLECTION, Polish Refugees in India and East Africa, 1942-1946, Deportation of the Polish Population from the Soviet Occupied Part of Poland, 1940-1941, Evacuation of the 2nd Polish Corps from the Soviet Union to Persia and Palestine, 1942. Only about 3,800 Polish refugees from Africa decided to repatriate to the country, which accounted for about 20% of the total. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. The Polish refugees housed in the various camps in Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, India, and Africa moved to Great Britain and its dominions, Canada and Australia, from where some of them later emigrated to the United States; some also settled in Argentina. The majority of applications were citizens of the former Soviet Union (in particular, Chechnya and Ukraine).. UNHCR also aims to improve durable solutions such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of refugees and asylum issues. medical experiments, and terror bombing, and in the concentration and death See for full text and footnotes: She hoped we would return to Poland some day. Try roky tr'okhlittia Arkhypastyrs'koi pratsi Ilariona, Arkhyiepyskopa Kholms'koho i Pidlias'koho. By the end of September 1942, 1,044 people were located in the Ugandan settlement in Masindi, and 510 and 401 respectively in Morogoro and Kondoa in Tanganyika. There were definitely Jews among the evacuees. To accommodate the refugees, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan. Snakes and other natural perils were commonplace. 29. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. Polish Children's Camp was financed by the government of New Zealand, with help from Polish Government in Exile, based in London. recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. After the Polish Army had left the Soviet Union, the attitude of the Soviets towards the remaining Poles worsened. This was a small fraction of the approximately 1.7 million Polish citizens who had been arrested by the Soviets at the beginning of the war. For the 733 children and 102 adults it was the end of a long and perilous journey. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. Military Archives in Warsaw Even before the 1941 deportations, it was already agreed that the evacuees were going to East Africa only for "a special or temporary purpose." [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. his evil empire. He predicted that 8,000,000 to 9,000,000 would have to be expelled,14 which is close to thesubsequent 10,000,000 estimate of the West German government. For tens of thousands the Soviet Union became their final resting place before the war's end. They were boys and girls aged 14 to 18, who while in Soviet Union were members of a scout organization of the Polish Army. Camp life was organized, there was a school, scouts, and religious life. A Polish Child's WWII Journey. Food was purchased locally from contractors. obituaries and death notices found in the Dziennik Chicagoski, 1890-1971. In the Kidugala settlement, 798 Poles lived near the deserted post-German Protestant mission. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. the Poland - Soviet Union Border during 1945 -1950 As for what happened to those who never got out, God only Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. The first group of an estimated 17,000-19,000 Polish refugees arrived in Africa around 1942. He reveals them in his book "Flight Across the Sea." People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. + Copies of insurance death claims from the Polish Roman Catholic Union of And none of these monstrous figures even include civilian and military combat or war-deaths. This site was spectacularly located on a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. . The two refugee camps in Uganda were built at Koja, on the shores of Lake Victoria and Nyabyeya, Budongo Forest Reserve in Masindi district in northwestern Uganda. Who is Nigerias president-elect Bola Tinubu? Ul. Some exiles also found asylum in India in transit camps set up in Quetta, Mount Abu, Panchgani, Bandra, and in and near Karachi (such as the Country Club Camp, Haji Pilgrims Camp, and the Malir Camp). Classes began on September 1, 1942. Residents were associated in a number of cultural and sports associations. Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. As elsewhere, kindergartens and grammar schools provided for the educational needs of the youngsters. No doubt "Uncle Joe"(Joe Stalin) homo sovieticus barbarosus incarnate must have been grateful to the Western Allies for their conspiracy of silence, for preserving the "good name" of Among the many significant happenings of the Second World War is the story of thousands of Polish exiles who found refuge in East and Southern Africa. In Northern Rhodesia, 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence. Unfortunately, due to bad health conditions caused by the poor living standard in the Soviet Union and the hardships of traveling, more than 2,100 people (5.7% of the total) died in Iran due to dysentery, typhoid, malaria and diseases caused by malnutrition. Of all the research Durand undertook, one discovery made a great impression. M23 has been accusing the DRC of ignoring a promise to integrate its fighters into the army. Adamem i Iza Zamoyskimi, Zofia, Janowa,Tarnowska, oraz w sprawach They deported hundreds of thousands of Poles, including many Jews, in four waves to forced labor camps in remote Russian regions such as Siberia and Kazakhstan. Shvaipol't Fiol'.24sm. She was a young girl so her stories were quite magical: That they swung from vines, had confrontations with boa constrictors and that actually [the camps] were mud huts. Czechs grandmother, two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also housed in the displaced persons camps in Nairobi and Mombasa. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. It appeared in the "Miedzy Nami" in one of Canadian newspapers This meant that all remaining Poles were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports. They are ignoring the benefits migration can bring, says Ghanaian migration expert Stephen Adaawen. However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. First schools were opened in Tehran, where after one year there were ten Polish educational institutions. We were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, and The Eucharistic Crusade. Gdansk: http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, The Archives of New Records Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. executed in cold blood in Katyn, Kharkov, and Kalinin in April and May 1940. Although provisions were made to resettle several thousand Poles in that country, only two transports arrived in the summer and fall of 1943 with a total of 1,432 refugees. Witness History speaks to one of them. Language--P. Varshava, 1990. At the end of 1944, there were 13,364 Polish citizens in three countries of East Africa, of which 6,331 in Tanganyika. From Poland, over Russia and Iran, to Africa. Dluga 6 He ordered his military commanders to use the utmost ferocity in merciless killing Polish men, women, and children. 1,400 people arrived on board ship, then they were transported to Dar es Salaam. 02-103 Warszawa Unlike the Soviet Union, these were, after all, ancient civilized cultures. Hitler's orders issued at this crucial moment had nothing to do with the extermination of Jews, however these orders were a retaliation for derailment by the Poles of Hitler's strategy to conquer the Euro-Asian Heartland.. In Palestine, the camps for the over 5,000 refugees transferred there were located in Nazareth, Rehovot, Ain-Karem,and Barbara. A protocol of the Polish-Soviet (Sikorski-Maisky) agreement of Political Migrations on Polish Territories (19391950). Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. Show more. These exiles found temporary refuge in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, Mexico and British East and Southern Africa. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). Przemyslu Poland, The State Archive in Rzeszow Archiwum In South Africa alone there were 18 Polish schools with about 1,800 students in attendance. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European countries, including Poland, into German and Soviet spheres of interest. The first contingents of Polish refugees in World War Two 3.3. As soon as their train drew in to Nairobi station they were met by members of the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Delegation, the Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation, and other officials, and were given refreshments. The dead were not included in the census, because . Vegetables on the other hand were scarce until the Poles started their own small gardens around their huts growing Irish potatoes, cabbages, corn, peas, soya beans, tomatoes and beetroot for barszcz, a sour soup popular in Poland and Eastern Europe. And the most infamous German death camps had been located in Poland. Their travel and settlement in British protectorates around the world was made possible by the combined efforts of the British government and the Polish government-in-exile in London as the Second World War raged in Europe. concerns and construction projects in Southern Rhodesia. and demanded "Why can't they stay here?" Language--E. Cambridge, MA, 1988. 7a Polish refugees in Middle East (1942-47) . The clusters of Polish refugees also arose in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. Tyrsa. For traveling in the opposite direction and trying to cross the borders of Europe, also in Poland, are thousands of refugees from the Middle East and elsewhere. A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. Hitler talked about the conquest and colonization of Poland. After the end of WWII in September 1945, the African host countries pushed to get rid of the Polish refugees. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. Locals from Tengeru and the Poles even sometimes celebrated mass together, said Devlin, the head of the Center for Flight and Migration at Germany's Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt. This bush was cleared by a labour force of 2,000 Ugandans by hand and over a distance of about four kilometres. It was set up in 1942. The best housing conditions were enjoyed by Poles settling in Ifunda 780 people lived in 100 brick houses concentrated in five districts, which had own kitchens, dining rooms, laundry rooms and warehouses. Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. Pakistan: The school that's free for Afghan refugee children, New hurdles for rescuers at sea in the Mediterranean, Tunisia: Presidential scapegoating stokes fear and support, Canada Soccer president resigns amid equal pay dispute, Thousands of migrants have died in Southern Texas, When are refugees welcome and when not? Trukhan, Myroslav. By the end of 1945, another 4,300 were evacuated to Lebanon; by 1946, that number rose to 6,000. The settlement was financed by the Polish Government in London and by American institutions, including the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Polish American Council. Since 1989, the number of people applying for refugee status in Poland has risen from about 1,000 to 10,000 each year; about 1-2% of the applications were approved. [1] Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. Warszawa Poland, The Central Archives of Historical The Poles went to the regions in the Soviet Union where the Polish Army was founded under command of General Wadysaw Anders, counting on the protection and the possibility of leaving the Soviet Union together with the soldiers. It lasted until 16 January 1943, at which point it was effectively revoked. Workshops and village industries were started. The relief assistance afforded The Polish refugees also have a positive memory of the locals, says Durand. Both Soviet authorities and citizens of the country claimed that since the Polish Army did not fight the Germans, Poles were not entitled to any privileges. But Poles were reluctant to return to their homeland, which was under staunch Soviet control. Thousands of Europeans sought sanctuary in Africa during World War II among them were many Polish people. Own farms were run. Language--U. N'iu Iork, Paryzh, 1990. One of the largest refugee groups in Africa was some twenty thousand Polish people, who stayed from 1942 to 1950 in 20 refugee camps spread over Britain's African colonies. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. The British Empire and Northern Rhodesia 3.2. On the left, smiling and with her arms crossed that was my grandmother," says Durand. For many, the help provided by the United States and Great Britain was too little and too late. Subscribe now for as little as $2 a month! Refugees in Poland were, until 2022, a relatively small group. order.5, To all this Polish misery, pain, and death, we must add what the Germans did in the Poland they ruled. Scouting was popular. Soon afterward, Moscow began a program of mass deportations of ethnic Poles as well as some Polish Jews, deep into the Soviet interior. A commandant usually a British official stood at the head of the administration of each of the settlements. These countries included: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Relatives of Polish exiles who died in Uganda where they had found refuge during WW2, refresh the tombstone. Panstwowe w Rzeszowie Archives in New York, English version: http://dione.ids.pl/~ijp/ang/onas.html. Image: Courtesy/Jonathan Durand. Altogether, in 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish refugees in the Near East.[12]. The adults were uneasy and afraid of the unknown, but us, the children, were happy for an adventure. A small proportion of refugees, especially the Polish, was also absorbed into White society after the war. . A Polish woman and her grandchildren at an American Red Cross evacuation camp in, Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II. and intellectuals.3 Some 4,254 of these were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1941, who then invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to study the corpses and confirm Soviet guilt.4 For more about Katyn, see: VHO.org. However, school supplies were in limited supply throughout East Africa. ul. "It was a friendly existence, side by side," she told DW. Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected only around 500 Polish refugees on his territory. At the Polish Institute in London, he found the only existing film footage from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his grandmother had lived. From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. donation. The sworn deposition provides evidence of Soviet responsibility for the 1940 massacre of some 22,000 Polish officers in the Katyn forest and other places in what was then the Soviet Union. Northern Rhodesia 3.1. The aim was a contented and reasonably self-contained community: the Poles had to be given a sense of purpose, wrote Rennie Montague Bere, a Cambridge University-educated colonial officer in Uganda who was in charge of the two refugee camps. T.5. Ukraintsi v Rumunii, Chekhoslovachchyni, Pol'shi, Iuhoslavii. Among people who stayed there was Bogdan Czaykowski. After the completion of the evacuation, there were over 110,000 Polish citizens in Iran. The largest Polish settlement in Tengeru had 947 houses. http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_PRZEMYSL_12_WYDANIE_LOTNICZE.jpg Apathetic at first, as the refugees settled into camp life they gradually recovered an interest in using their various skills. The Kenyan port of Mombasa, the Tanganyikan ports Tanga and Dar es Salaam, and the Mozambican ports Beira and Laureno Marques (which is today's Maputo), were the first African stops for the Polish refugees. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". The Polish civilian population could not stay in Iran for along time due to the tense international situation and the threat of a German offensive. The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. There was no need to inform Stalin of the fact that the Soviet authorities often impeded the release of the deportees from their various places of confinement and absolved themselves from assisting them in any way whatsoever upon their release. (16.06.2016), Many European countries want to restrict migration with stricter border controls and more deportations. Malaria killed many of the refugees and many more also suffered from amoebic dysentery. The little known story of the Polish refugees who fled to East Africa during World War II. The approaching end of the war and the withdrawal of recognition for the Polish government in exile on 5 July 1945 by the British, raised the question about the future of Polish settlements in Africa. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. http://www.poland.pl/articles/index.htm?c=421 ch.1, 1989; ch.2, 1990. "Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II". ch.1,3-4, 1990. Fundatsiia Sv.Volodymyra, . Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. The possibility of relegating Polish civilians to northern and southern Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa was also taken into account. In Palestine, the camps for the over 5,000 refugees transferred there were located in Nazareth, Rehovot, Ain-Karem, and Barbara. The largest of these settlements were: in the Union of South Africa Oudtshoorn; in North Rhodesia Abercorn, Bwana M'Kubwa, Fort Jameson, Livingstone, and Lusaka; in South Rhodesia Digglefold, Marandellas, Rusape, and Gatooma. Wymiana listw z instytucjami w Stanach After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. Dyrektor dr. Hubert Wajs, The State Archive in Przemysl [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. Mexico. Zahal'na biblioteka. Here is the other matching map to the West. Such was the lot of Ukrains'kyi arkhiv. Altogether, between 1942 and 1947, Polish schools in Palestine had 1,632 students. They had travelled via Russia, Persia, the Middle East to East Africa where, together with other Polish refugees they will build their own settlements. 23sm. Fifteen Polish schools were eventually founded in Lebanon as well as a small Polish library consisting of some 500 Polish books and additional volumes in other languages. Information onsurname meaning, frequency, and distribution in Poland. To all intents and purposes, they had found a brave, new world. [1] It can come as a surprise, however, that an Africanist from Germany has authored the first English-language study of the Polish refugee camps in colonial British Africa. There she met her husband, a Pole and a survivor of the Majdanek concentration camp. Peredmova Vasylia Markusia) 403st. The Koja settlement covered an area measuring over 700 acres and was located on several hills overlooking the lake. It is a miracle that we survived, with thousands dead.[12]. It triggered an amnesty for the Poles in the USSR. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. Socially and economically, these settlements remained completely isolated. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. This has fueled speculation that the U.S. government helped cover up Soviet responsibility for the massacre out of fear that saying the truth would anger Stalin, whom the Allies were counting on to help them defeat Germany and Japan in World War II. It was often their first contact with whites, he told DW. This agreement was signed on July 30 1941 and enabled all Polish people to be freed for the purpose of forming an Army and help Stalin fight Hitler. The refugees had arrived in groups and they also left in groups at different times. Thousands died along the way to centers of the newly formed Polish army, mostly due to an epidemic of dysentery that decimated men, women, and children.[10]. Take in a hundred orphans to 3,497, of which 6,331 in Tanganyika map the! One discovery made a great impression school, scouts, and Kalinin in April May! Camp where his grandmother had lived migration with stricter border controls and more deportations migration Africa... The Dziennik Chicagoski, 1890-1971 two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also teachers, so schools built. August 1939 in summer 1942 a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria she met her husband, a hospital and! Found the only existing film footage from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his grandmother had lived here the! 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